https://www.mediafire.com/file/ib4morqnimr7vqb/p3.txt/file
Codes
**7.a) Write a C++ Program that illustrate single inheritance.**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal {
public:
virtual void eat() {
cout << "Animal is eating food" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void bark() {
cout << "Woof!" << endl;
}
void eat() override {
Animal::eat();
cout << "Dog is also enjoying some treats!" << endl;
}
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
void meow() {
cout << "Meow!" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Dog dog;
cout << "Dog object calling inherited eat() method:" << endl;
dog.eat();
cout << "Dog object calling its own bark() method:" << endl;
dog.bark();
Cat cat;
cout << "Cat object calling inherited eat() method:" << endl;
cat.eat();
cout << "Cat object calling its own meow() method:" << endl;
cat.meow();
return 0;
}
```
---
**7.b) Write a C++ Program that illustrate multiple inheritance.**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
virtual void calculateArea() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};
class TwoDimensionalShape : public virtual Shape {
public:
int width, height;
};
class ThreeDimensionalShape : public virtual Shape {
public:
int length, width, height;
};
class Rectangle : public TwoDimensionalShape {
public:
Rectangle(int w, int h) {
width = w;
height = h;
}
void calculateArea() override {
cout << "Area of rectangle: " << width * height << endl;
}
};
class Cube : public ThreeDimensionalShape {
public:
Cube(int l) {
length = l;
}
void calculateArea() override {
cout << "Surface area of cube: " << 6 * length * length << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Rectangle rectangle(5, 3);
rectangle.calculateArea();
Cube cube(4);
cube.calculateArea();
return 0;
}
```
---
**7.c) Write a C++ Program that illustrate multi level inheritance.**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Vehicle {
public:
void vehicle() {
cout << "I am a vehicle." << endl;
}
};
// Derived class inheriting from Vehicle
class FourWheeler : public Vehicle {
public:
void fourWheeler() {
cout << "I have four wheels." << endl;
}
};
// Derived class inheriting from FourWheeler
class Car : public FourWheeler {
public:
void car() {
cout << "I am a car." << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Car obj;
obj.vehicle(); // Accessing method from Vehicle
obj.fourWheeler(); // Accessing method from FourWheeler
obj.car(); // Accessing method from Car
return 0;
}
```
---
**7.d) Write a C++ Program that illustrate Hierarchical inheritance.**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Animal {
public:
string name;
// Constructor for Animal class
Animal(const string& animalName) : name(animalName) {}
void eat() {
cout << "I am eating." << endl;
}
};
// Derived class 1
class Mammal : public Animal {
public:
// Constructor for Mammal class
Mammal(const string& animalName) : Animal(animalName) {}
void giveBirth() {
cout << "I give birth to live young." << endl;
}
};
// Derived class 2
class Bird : public Animal {
public:
// Constructor for Bird class
Bird(const string& animalName) : Animal(animalName) {}
void layEggs() {
cout << "I lay eggs." << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Mammal myFeistyFeline("Whiskers");
cout << "My cat " << myFeistyFeline.name << " is hungry after a long nap." << endl;
myFeistyFeline.eat();
myFeistyFeline.giveBirth();
Bird myChattyParrot("Polly");
cout << "My parrot " << myChattyParrot.name << " is enjoying a tasty seed snack." << endl;
myChattyParrot.eat();
myChattyParrot.layEggs();
return 0;
}
```
Here are the codes with question names starting from question 9:
---
**9) Student, Test, Sports, and Result Classes Inheritance**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Base Class: Student
class Student {
protected:
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int r) {
rollNo = r;
}
void displayRollNo() const {
cout << "Roll No: " << rollNo << endl;
}
};
// Derived Class: Test
class Test : public Student {
protected:
int subjectScores[5];
int totalTestScore = 0;
public:
void setSubjectScores() {
cout << "Enter scores for 5 subjects: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cin >> subjectScores[i];
totalTestScore += subjectScores[i];
}
}
void displayTestScores() const {
cout << "Scores in Subjects: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << subjectScores[i] << " ";
}
cout << "\nTotal Test Score: " << totalTestScore << endl;
}
};
// Derived Class: Sports
class Sports : public Student {
protected:
int sportsScore = 0;
public:
void setSportsScore() {
cout << "Enter score in Sports: ";
cin >> sportsScore;
}
void displaySportsScore() const {
cout << "Sports Score: " << sportsScore << endl;
}
};
// Derived Class: Result
class Result : public Test, public Sports {
public:
void displayFinalResult() const {
int totalScore = totalTestScore + sportsScore;
displayRollNo();
displayTestScores();
displaySportsScore();
cout << "Total Score: " << totalScore << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Result student;
int rollNumber;
cout << "Enter Roll Number: ";
cin >> rollNumber;
student.setRollNo(rollNumber);
student.setSubjectScores();
student.setSportsScore();
student.displayFinalResult();
return 0;
}
```
---
**10) Eldest Person Using 'this' Pointer**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
private:
string name;
int age;
public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
void displayDetails() const {
cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl;
}
Person* findEldest(Person* otherPerson) {
return (this->age > otherPerson->age) ? this : otherPerson;
}
};
int main() {
Person person1("John", 25);
Person person2("Alice", 30);
cout << "Person 1: "; person1.displayDetails();
cout << "Person 2: "; person2.displayDetails();
Person* eldest = person1.findEldest(&person2);
cout << "\nEldest Person: "; eldest->displayDetails();
return 0;
}
```
---
**11a) Virtual Functions Example**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
virtual void draw() { cout << "Drawing Shape" << endl; }
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
void draw() override { cout << "Drawing Circle" << endl; }
};
class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
void draw() override { cout << "Drawing Rectangle" << endl; }
};
int main() {
Shape* shape1;
Circle circle;
Rectangle rectangle;
shape1 = &circle; shape1->draw();
shape1 = &rectangle; shape1->draw();
return 0;
}
```
---
**11b) Digital Library with Runtime Polymorphism**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Media {
protected:
string title;
bool isIssued;
public:
Media(string t) : title(t), isIssued(false) {}
virtual void addNewItem() = 0;
virtual void issueItem() {
if (isIssued) cout << "Item already issued" << endl;
else { isIssued = true; cout << "Item Issued: " << title << endl; }
}
virtual void returnItem() {
if (isIssued) { isIssued = false; cout << "Item Returned: " << title << endl; }
else cout << "Item was not issued" << endl;
}
};
class Book : public Media {
public:
Book(string t) : Media(t) {}
void addNewItem() override { cout << "Adding new Book: " << title << endl; }
void issueItem() override { cout << "Issuing Book: "; Media::issueItem(); }
void returnItem() override { cout << "Returning Book: "; Media::returnItem(); }
};
class Tape : public Media {
public:
Tape(string t) : Media(t) {}
void addNewItem() override { cout << "Adding new Tape: " << title << endl; }
void issueItem() override { cout << "Issuing Tape: "; Media::issueItem(); }
void returnItem() override { cout << "Returning Tape: "; Media::returnItem(); }
};
int main() {
Media* media;
Book book("C++ Programming");
Tape tape("Jazz Music");
media = &book; media->addNewItem(); media->issueItem(); media->returnItem();
media = &tape; media->addNewItem(); media->issueItem(); media->returnItem();
return 0;
}
```
---
**12a) String to Int and Vice Versa**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string str = "12345";
int num = stoi(str);
cout << "String to int: " << num << endl;
int newNum = 67890;
string newStr = to_string(newNum);
cout << "Int to string: " << newStr << endl;
return 0;
}
```
---
**12b) Class ios Operations**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string str = "Hello";
cout << setw(10) << setfill('*') << str << endl;
cout.width(15); cout.fill('#');
cout << str << endl;
cout.setf(ios::showpos); cout << 123 << endl;
cout.unsetf(ios::showpos); cout << 123 << endl;
double number = 3.14159265358979323846;
cout << "With precision 4: " << setprecision(4) << number << endl;
cout << "With precision 6: " << setprecision(6) << number << endl;
return 0;
}
```
---
**12c) I/O Operations on Characters**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string str1;
cout << "Enter a string: "; getline(cin, str1);
cout << "Length: " << str1.length() << endl;
ofstream outputFile("output.txt");
outputFile << str1; outputFile.close();
ifstream inputFile("output.txt");
string fetchedString; getline(inputFile, fetchedString);
cout << "Fetched string: " << fetchedString << endl;
return 0;
}
```
---
**13a) Copy File Contents**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
ifstream sourceFile("abc.txt");
ofstream destinationFile("xyz.txt");
string line;
while (getline(sourceFile, line)) destinationFile << line << endl;
sourceFile.close(); destinationFile.close();
cout << "File copied successfully." << endl;
return 0;
}
```
---
**13b) Binary I/O Operations**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
string name;
int age;
Student(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
void display() { cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl; }
void writeToFile(const string& filename) {
ofstream outFile(filename);
outFile << name << endl << age << endl;
outFile.close();
}
void readFromFile(const string& filename) {
ifstream inFile(filename);
getline(inFile, name);
inFile >> age;
inFile.close();
}
};
int main() {
Student s1("Alice", 22);
s1.writeToFile("student.txt");
Student s2; s2.readFromFile("student.txt"); s2.display();
return 0;
}
```
---
**14a) Multiple Catch Statements**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
int main() {
try {
int x = -1;
throw out_of_range("Out of range error");
}
catch (const char* msg) { cout << "Caught C-string: " << msg << endl; }
catch (const runtime_error& e) { cout << "Caught runtime_error: " << e.what() << endl; }
catch (...) { cout << "Unknown exception" << endl; }
return 0;
}
```
---
**14b) Rethrowing Exceptions**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
void testFunction() {
try { throw runtime_error("Divide by zero error"); }
catch (const runtime_error& e) { cout << "Caught: " << e.what(); throw; }
}
int main() {
try { testFunction(); }
catch (const runtime_error& e) { cout << "Rethrown: " << e.what() << endl; }
return 0;
}
```
---
**15a) Class Template for Calculator**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class Calculator {
public:
T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; }
T subtract(T a, T b) { return a - b; }
T multiply(T a, T b) { return a * b; }
T divide(T a, T b) { return (b != 0) ? a / b : 0; }
};
int main() {
Calculator<int> calcInt;
cout << "Addition: " << calcInt.add(10, 5) << endl;
Calculator<float> calcFloat;
cout << "Division: " << calcFloat.divide(12.5f, 4.2f) << endl;
return 0;
}
```
---
**15b) Template Function for Maximum**
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
T getMax(T a, T b) { return (a > b) ? a : b; }
int main() {
cout << "Max (20 vs 10): " << getMax(20, 10) << endl;
cout << "Max (12.5 vs 7.8): " << getMax(12.5f, 7.8f) << endl;
return 0;
}
```